Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK protects intracranially infected mice from death by regulating the inflammation.

Pseudorabies virus can cause inflammation in the central nervous system and neurological symptoms. To further investigate the protective mechanism of PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK in the central nervous system, an intracranial PRV-infection mice model was developed. The results demonstrated that immunization with PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK successfully prevented death caused by PRV-intracranial infection. Subsequently, the brains were collected for transcriptome and metabolome analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in pathways such as TNF, NOD-like receptor, JAK-STAT, MAPK, IL-17 and apoptosis signaling. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the differential metabolites were mainly associated with pathways such as fatty acid degradation, arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. The combined analysis of metabolites and differentially expressed genes revealed a strong correlation between the differential metabolites and TNF, PI3K, and MAPK signaling pathways. Anti-inflammatory metabolites have been shown to inhibit the inflammatory response and prevent mouse death caused by PRV infection. Notably, when glutathione was injected intracranially and dihydroartemisinin was injected intraperitoneally, complete protection against PRV-induced death in mice was observed. Moreover, PRV activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PRV XJ delgE/gI/TK can protects intracranially infected mice from death by regulating various metabolites with anti-inflammatory functions post-immunization.

The Whitaker test: a predictive tool for evaluating the surgical efficacy of upper urinary tract reconstruction in patients carrying a nephrostomy tube after surgery.

PURPOSE: To explore the role of the Whitaker test in evaluating the postoperative outcome of upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery in patients carrying a nephrostomy tube after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study performed in 42 patients with nephrostomy tube undergoing the Whitaker test after upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery between January 2020 and December 2021. Data on clinical information, the Whitaker test and surgical procedure were collected prospectively, and the long-term follow-up results were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: The 46 ureters of 42 patients (right 16, left 22, bilateral 4) underwent six common upper urinary tract surgical reconstruction procedures and one combined procedure, including pyeloplasty, ureteroureterostomy, lingual mucosal onlay graft, appendiceal onlay flap, ureteral reimplantation, Boari flap, and ipsilateral lingual mucosal onlay graft combined ureteral reimplantation. All patients underwent the Whitaker test successfully without any discomfort after examination. The postoperative Whitaker test showed 43 kidneys without obstruction and 3 kidneys with obstruction. At a median follow-up of 18 months (range 13-31), the follow-up results showed that the overall success rate of the surgery was 100% (46/46). Concerning the concordance Whitaker test and follow-up results, the observed proportion of agreement was 93.5% (43/46). CONCLUSION: The Whitaker test can achieve similar consistency with the long-term follow-up results after upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery and can be used as a tool to evaluate the surgical efficacy of upper urinary tract reconstruction surgery, which can provide a prognostic efficacy evaluation for patients carrying a nephrostomy tube after surgery.

Establishment and application of an indirect ELISA for Getah virus E2 antibody detection.

Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-transmitted disease that affects animals, causing fever, aseptic meningitis, and abortion. Its prevalence in China poses risks to both animal health and public well-being. Currently, there is a scarcity of seroepidemiological data on GETV due to the absence of commercial antibody detection kits for pigs. The aim of this study is to develop a rapid, accurate, and sensitive ELISA, providing a reliable tool for GETV seroepidemiology and laying the foundation for future commercial assay development. In this study, we removed specific hydrophobic domains and intracellular structures from E2 proteins and constructed the recombinant plasmid pCold-TF-E2. The recombinant protein was expressed using a prokaryotic expression system, and efficient purification of the rE2 protein was achieved using a nickel affinity column. The purified rE2 protein is suitable for the development of an indirect ELISA (rE2 ELISA). Following the optimization of reaction conditions for the rE2-ELISA, the cut-off value was 0.356. Additionally, the rE2-ELISA method showed a positive rate of 37.1% for IgG antibodies against GETV when testing 986 pig clinical serum samples collected from pigs in Sichuan between May 2022 and September 2022. The rE2-ELISA method displayed a 95.1% overall agreement with VNT, boasting a sensitivity of 98.2% and a specificity of 92.6%. These results indicate that IgG ELISA based on rE2 protein is an efficient and economical method for the detection of GETV antibodies in pigs, facilitating the diagnosis and prevention of GETV.

Treating Multifocal Ureteral Strictures with Combined Techniques: 14 Cases of Initial Experience.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) combined with ureteral reimplantation (UR) for repairing managing multifocal ureteral strictures (MUS). Methods: Between December 2020 and December 2022, 14 patients underwent LMGU combined with UR. Their perioperative data were collected retrospectively and analyzed. For the proximal diseased ureter, the narrow segment was incised longitudinally to open the ventral wall of ureter, and a lingual mucosal graft was placed as an onlay graft. Meanwhile, UR was applied to treat distal ureteral strictures. Results: Of 14 patients, three (21.4%) had previously undergone a failed ureteral reconstruction. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) proximal stricture length was 4.0 cm (1.56), and distal ureteral stricture length was 4.3 cm (0.94). The mean (SD) operative time was 236 minutes (57), the estimated blood loss was 78 mL (41.5), and the length of postoperative stay was 6 days. One (7%) patient underwent double LMGU to treat proximal 2 segments of ureteral stricture. No open conversions and intraoperative complications occurred. With a mean follow-up of 15 months (range 6-29), the recurrence-free rate was 14/14 (100%). Conclusions: LMGU combined with UR is a feasible and effective technique for managing MUS and can be an alternative to ileal ureteral replacement or renal autotransplantation in some selected patients with MUS.

Robotic-assisted appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty combined with ureteral reimplantation for multifocal ureteral strictures: Case report and technical description.

BACKGROUND: To describe the surgical technique of robotic-assisted appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty combined with ureteral reimplantation to repair unilateral multifocal ureteral strictures in one stage and report 9-month follow-up outcomes. METHOD: A longitudinal ventral incision of proximal ureter strictures No. 1 and 2 was performed, and the appendix was detubularised along its antimesenteric border. Then, the appendiceal onlay flap was anastomosed with the spatulated ureter in an onlay fashion. To manage the distal ureteral stricture No. 3, ureteral reimplantation was performed in a tension-free manner. RESULTS: Voiding cystourethrography and antegrade urography showed urine regurgitation into the ureter without dilation and no obstruction of the reconstructed ureteral segment 7 weeks after surgery. No postoperative complications occurred during the 9-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic-assisted appendiceal onlay flap ureteroplasty combined with ureteral reimplantation appears to be a safe and effective surgical method for repairing the unilateral multifocal ureteral strictures.

Positive associations between different circulating trans fatty acids (TFAs) and urinary albumin excretion among adults in the U.S.: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that the consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can increase the incidence of total mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. However, there are still no demographic studies on the effects of circulating TFA isoforms on the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), an early marker of chronic kidney disease. Our goal was to explore the possible relationships between TFAs and ACR. METHODS: In this study, complete TFAs and urinary ACR data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009-2010 and 1999-2000 cycles). The independent linear relationships between different circulating TFA isoforms and the ACR were examined by performing multivariable linear regression models. Machine learning was used to analyze the contribution of the different TFA isoforms to the ACR. To assess the nonlinearity of the relationship, smooth curve fitting and an analysis of threshold effect were performed, and a stratified analysis was conducted to identify possible susceptible populations. RESULTS: Our analysis included a total of 3785 individuals. Elaidic acid, linolelaidic acid, and sum TFAs were shown to be positively associated with the ACR after full adjustment by weighted multivariable regression analysis. In the subgroup analysis, the positive associations were maintained in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. In the XGBoost model of the ACR, Sum TFAs were found to be the most crucial factor. In addition, smooth curve fitting showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between the different TFAs and the ACR, and there was a saturation point. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that TFA isoforms were positively and independently correlated with urinary albumin excretion, especially in participants with hypertension and without diabetes. This suggested that reducing trans fatty acid intake may reduce the risk of renal events.

Prokaryotic expression of porcine deltacoronavirus S gene truncated segment and establishment of indirect ELISA detection method.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging discovered coronavirus that causes significant losses in the global swine industry. This study aimed to establish an indirect ELISA method for detecting PDCoV antibodies using the truncated gene of PDCoV spike protein (S). The purified S protein was used as the coating antigen for the polyclonal antibody. The conditions were optimized to establish an indirect ELISA detection method for PDCoV based on the S protein, which showed good specificity and no cross-reaction with SVV-VP1, ASFV-P72, GETV-E2, PRV-gE, etc. The method has high repeatability, with coefficients of variation within and between batches less than 10%. Compared with the commercial kit, the positive coincidence rate is 86.40%, the negative coincidence rate is 89.43%, and the total coincidence rate is 91.76%. This ELISA can be used for PDCoV serological investigation and antibody evaluation. It can also lay the foundation for further research and development of PDCoV S protein ELISA antibody detection kit.

Advances in mRNA vaccines for viral diseases.

Since the onset of the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated outstanding performance. mRNA vaccines offer significant advantages over conventional vaccines in production speed and cost-effectiveness, making them an attractive option against other viral diseases. This article reviewed recent advances in viral mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems to provide references and guidance for developing mRNA vaccines for new viral diseases.

Robotic-assisted double lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty for multifocal ureteral strictures: Case report and technical description.

BACKGROUND: Ureteroplasty with a single onlay graft for proximal ureter stricture has been widely used in the clinic. However, robotic ureteroplasty with a double lingual mucosal graft (RU-DLMG) has not been reported. METHODS: The intraoperative measured ureteral stricture lengths of patient 1 were 1.8, 2.5, and 4.6 cm, and those of patient 2 were 2.5 and 3.5 cm. We performed a RU-DLMG in which the diseased ureter was incised longitudinally from the ventral side and repaired with a double lingual mucosal graft to widen the ureteral lumen. Because of the presence of a distal ureter stricture, RU-DLMG combined with ureteral reimplantation was performed in patient 1. RESULTS: Antegrade urography showed no obstruction of the reconstructed ureteral segment after removing the ureteral stent. The patients had no complaints about the donor site and flank pain during the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: RU-DLMG appears to be a suitable option for multifocal ureteral strictures.

The porcine piRNA transcriptome response to Senecavirus a infection.

Introduction: Senecavirus A (SVA) belongs to the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small Ribonucleic Acids (RNAs) that have been found in mammalian cells in recent years. However, the expression profile of piRNAs in the host during SVA infection and their roles are poorly understood. Methods: Here, we found the significant differential expression of 173 piRNAs in SVA-infected porcine kidney (PK-15) cells using RNA-seq and 10 significant differentially expressed (DE) piRNAs were further verified by qRT-PCR. Results: GO annotation analysis showed that metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation were significantly activated after SVA infection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that significant DE piRNAs were mainly enriched in AMPK pathway, Rap1 pathway, circadian rhythm and VEGF pathway. It was suggested that piRNAs may regulated antiviral immunity, intracellular homeostasis, and tumor activities during SVA infection. In addition, we found that the expression levels of the major piRNA-generating genes BMAL1 and CRY1 were significantly downregulated after SVA infection. Discussion: This suggests that SVA may affect circadian rhythm and promote apoptosis by inhibiting the major piRNA-generating genes BMAL1 and CRY1. The piRNA transcriptome in PK-15 cells has never been reported before, and this study will further the understanding of the piRNA regulatory mechanisms underlying SVA infections.

Revolutionizing viral disease vaccination: the promising clinical advancements of non-replicating mRNA vaccines.

The mRNA vaccine technology was developed rapidly during the global pandemic of COVID-19. The crucial role of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in preventing viral infection also have been beneficial to the exploration and application of other viral mRNA vaccines, especially for non-replication structure mRNA vaccines of viral disease with outstanding research results. Therefore, this review pays attention to the existing mRNA vaccines, which are of great value for candidates for clinical applications in viral diseases. We provide an overview of the optimization of the mRNA vaccine development process as well as the good immune efficacy and safety shown in clinical studies. In addition, we also provide a brief description of the important role of mRNA immunomodulators in the treatment of viral diseases. After that, it will provide a good reference or strategy for research on mRNA vaccines used in clinical medicine with more stable structures, higher translation efficiency, better immune efficacy and safety, shorter production time, and lower production costs than conditional vaccines to be used as preventive or therapeutic strategy for the control of viral diseases in the future.

The Construction and Immunogenicity Analyses of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus with Senecavirus A VP2 Protein Coexpression.

Senecavirus A (SVA)-associated porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) and pseudorabies (PR) are highly contagious swine diseases that pose a significant threat to the swine industry in China. Since there is currently no effective commercial vaccine against SVA, the virus has spread widely throughout China and its pathogenicity has increased over the last decade. In this study, a recombinant strain named rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2 was constructed by using the pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant strain XJ as the parental virus and by deleting the TK/gE/gI gene while coexpressing SVA VP2. The recombinant strain can stably proliferate and express foreign protein VP2 in BHK-21 cells while having a similar virion appearance to that of the parental strain. rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2 is safe and effective for BALB/c mice, inducing high levels of neutralizing antibodies against both PRV and SVA, providing 100% protection from the virulent PRV strain. Histopathological examination and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay have demonstrated that SVA can infect mice through intranasal inoculation, while the vaccination of mice with rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2 can significantly reduce SVA virus copies and alleviate the pathological inflammatory changes in the heart and liver. The evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity indicates that rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2 holds promise as a candidate vaccine against PRV and SVA. IMPORTANCE This study reports the construction of a recombinant PRV with SVA for the first time, and the resulting virus, rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2, can induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies against both PRV and SVA in model mice. These findings provide valuable insights for evaluating the effectiveness of rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP2 as a vaccine for pigs. Additionally, this study reports transient SVA infection in mice, with qPCR assays showing that the copies of the SVA 3D gene peaked at 3 to 6 days postinfection and fell below the sensitivity threshold by 14 days postinfection. The copies of the gene were more regular and at a higher level in the heart, liver, spleen, and lung tissue.

The first dog-origin porcine circovirus type 4 complete genomic sequence have high homology with that of pig-derived strains.

Introduction: Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was discovered in 2019 and then proved to be pathogenic to piglets. Nevertheless, few studies were currently available about PCV4 infection in species other than pigs and there is no information about the prevalence of PCV4 in dogs. Methods: To fill this gap, 264 dog samples were collected from animal hospitals in the Southwest of China from 2021 to 2022 and screened for PCV4. Moreover, the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCABTC-Dog2022) were obtained successfully and shared a high identity (97.9-99.0%) with other PCV4 strains derived from pigs, dairy cows, raccoon dogs and foxes. The SCABTC-Dog2022 were analyzed together with 51 reference sequences. Results and Discussion: The detected results showed a low percentage of PCV-4 DNA (1.14%, 3/264), indicating that PCV4 could be identified in dogs in southwest China. Phylogenetic tree showed that SCABTC-Dog2022 strain derived from dog were clustered in a closed relative and geographically coherent branch with other PCV4 strains collected from four provinces (Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan and Inner Mongolia) of China. To our knowledge, it is the first detection of PCV4 in dogs globally. The association between PCV4 status and clinical syndromes in dogs deserves additional investigations.

Macrophage Polarization: An Important Candidate Regulator for Lung Diseases.

Macrophages are crucial components of the immune system and play a critical role in the initial defense against pathogens. They are highly heterogeneous and plastic and can be polarized into classically activated macrophages (M1) or selectively activated macrophages (M2) in response to local microenvironments. Macrophage polarization involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. Here, we focused on the origin of macrophages, the phenotype and polarization of macrophages, as well as the signaling pathways associated with macrophage polarization. We also highlighted the role of macrophage polarization in lung diseases. We intend to enhance the understanding of the functions and immunomodulatory features of macrophages. Based on our review, we believe that targeting macrophage phenotypes is a viable and promising strategy for treating lung diseases.

Histopathological Changes and Inflammatory Response in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) with Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection.

Since the first report of PCV3 virus infection in 2016, it has been linked to multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, cardiac pathology, and clinical indications resembling porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). However, the pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, a PCV3 infection model was created using SPF pigs, and histopathology and fluorescence quantitative PCR were utilized to examine PCV3's pathogenicity. Reductions in body weight gain and fever were observed during this study. However, other clinical signs such as Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome were not observed through the study. Viremia was detected in the PCV3-inoculated group from 17 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 21 to 35 dpi and fecal shedding was detected during 25-33 days and 39 days, respectively. Gross lesions and histological evaluation were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, small intestine, and testis. The heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen showed pathological changes. The pathological features include swelling, inflammation, cell degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. The lesions are consistent with multisystemic inflammation. Tissue viral load results showed only heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen was positive by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the pro-inflammation cytokines in serum increased a lot in the PCV3-inoculated group compared to the control group, demonstrating that the induced inflammation response may be the cause of tissue damage in PCV3-infection. This study demonstrated that PCV3 can produce mild pathological damage to multiple organs, especially multisystemic inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged viremia, viral shedding in nasal secretions. This is the first in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in the SPF piglets model using isolated PCV3 strain, and this is also the first time to show the gross and pathological lesion with all tissue and organs in the PCV3-inoculated group. Our findings might serve as a starting point for more investigation into PCV3's pathogenic mechanism.

Oral mucosal graft ureteroplasty versus ileal ureteric replacement: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe outcomes of oral mucosal graft ureteroplasty (OMGU) and ileal ureter replacement (IUR) and determine the relative merits of both procedures. METHODS: Databases (including PubMed, Embase and Cochrane) were interrogated for eligible trials that assessed outcomes of OMGU or IUR from 2000 to 30 July 2022. The variables analysed were reconstruction success rates, stricture length, hospital stays, perioperative complications and long-term complications. RESULTS: A total of 23 single-arm studies were included. The pooled reconstruction success rates for OMGU and IUR were 94.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 91.0%-97.7%) and 85.8% (95% CI 81.0%-90.0%), respectively. Stricture length of patients in the OMGU and IUR groups were 3.73 (95% CI 3.17-4.28) and 11.55 (95% CI 9.82-13.29) cm, respectively. The maximal stricture length repaired by OMGU was 8 cm. The hospital stays were 5.85 (95% CI 3.88-7.82) and 11.55 (95% CI 6.93-16.17) days in the OMGU and IUR groups, respectively. The incidences of low-grade postoperative complications were 13.6% (95% CI 6.9%-20.3%) and 27.3% (95% CI 19.5%-35.1%), high-grade postoperative complications were 4.6% (95% CI 1.8I-8.5%) and 13.0% (95% CI 9.4%-17.1%), and long-term complications (occurred at > 3months) were 9.0% (95% CI 1.7%-20.0%) and 35.4% (95% CI 25.8%-45.6%) in the OMGU and IUR groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: An OMGU is an effective, minimally invasive, and safe alternative to IUR for the management of long ureteric strictures. OMGU was the preferred treatment for long ureteric strictures, especially obstructed ureter segments of ≤8 cm.

Inactivation of two SARS-CoV-2 virus surrogates by electron beam irradiation on large yellow croaker slices and their packaging surfaces.

The detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in food and food packaging associated with the cold chain has raised concerns about the possible transmission pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in foods transported through cold-chain logistics and the need for novel decontamination strategies. In this study, the effect of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation on the inactivation of two SARS-CoV-2surrogate, viruses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), in culture medium and food substrate, and on food substrate were investigated. The causes of virus inactivation were also investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Samples packed inside and outside, including virus-inoculated large yellow croaker and virus suspensions, were irradiated with E-beam irradiation (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 kGy) under refrigerated (0 °C)and frozen (-18 °C) conditions. The titers of both viruses in suspension and fish decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of E-beam irradiation. The maximum D10 value of both viruses in suspension and fish was 1.24 kGy. E-beam irradiation at doses below 10 kGy was found to destroy the spike proteins of both SARS-CoV-2 surrogate viruses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and negative staining of thin-sectioned specimens, rendering them uninfectious. E-beam irradiation at doses greater than 10 kGy was also found to degrade viral genomic RNA by qRT-PCR. There were no significant differences in color, pH, TVB-N, TBARS, and sensory properties of irradiated fish samples at doses below 10 kGy. These findings suggested that E-beam irradiation has the potential to be developed as an efficient non-thermal treatment to reduce SARS-CoV-2 contamination in foods transported through cold chain foods to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans through the cold chain.

Molecular Characterization of the Nsp2 and ORF5s of PRRSV Strains in Sichuan China during 2012-2020.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. Sichuan Province is one of the largest pig breeding provinces in China. There is a lack of reports on the continuous surveillance and systematic analysis of prevalent strains of PRRSV in Sichuan Province in recent years. To fill this gap, a total of 539 samples were collected from 13 breeding regions in Sichuan during 2012-2020. The detection result showed that the positive rate of PRRSV was 52.32% (282/539). The ORF5s and Nsp2 were obtained and further analyzed, with Chinese reference strains downloaded from the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PRRSV strains sequenced in this study belonged to PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 (lineage 1, 3, 5 and 8). In total, 168 PRRSV-2 strains were selected for ORF5 analyses, and these strains were classified into sub-lineage 8.7 (HP-PRRSV), sub-lineage 5.1 (classical PRRSV), sub-lineage 1.8 (NADC30-like), sub-lineage 1.5 (NADC34-like) and sub-lineage 3.5 (QYYZ-like), accounting for 60.71% (102/168), 11.31% (19/168), 18.45% (31/168), 2.97% (5/168) and 6.55% (11/168) of the total analyzed strains, respectively. The Nsp2 of identified PRRSV strains exhibited a nucleotide identity of 44.5-100%, and an amino acid identity of 46.82-100%. The ORF5 of the identified PRRSV strains exhibited a nucleotide identity of 81.3-100%, and an amino acid identity of 78.5-100%. A sequence analysis of ORF5 revealed that the mutation sites of GP5 were mainly concentrated in HVR1 and HVR2 and the virulence sites. In summary, the HP-PRRSV, NADC30-like PRRSV, Classic-PRRSV, QYYZ-like PRRSV, NADC34-like PRRSV and PRRSV-1 strains exist simultaneously in pigs in Sichuan. NADC30-like PRRSV was gradually becoming the most prevalent genotype currently in Sichuan province. This study suggested that PRRSV strains in Sichuan were undergoing genomic divergence.